For more information on the law and photo citations, see California Vehicle Code section 21455.5. This study was conducted at the Hospital Universitario “Rio Hortega” (Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain) in accordance with the recommendations of the Ethical Clinical Research Committee (CEIC) of the western health area of Valladolid. ESD stands for Enfants en Situation Difficile (French: Children in Difficult Circumstances). (2014). We performed an ecological analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA amplicons and evaluated the association of the various ecological profiles with CDI risk factors. Guidelines for clinical practice are intended to suggest preferable approaches to particular medical problems as established by interpretation and collation of scientifically valid research, derived from extensive review of published literature. The rate of recurrence and mortality has been increasing since 2002, associated with severe infections produced by the emergence of the hyper-virulent ribotype 027 (ST1) strain. Here, we sought to better understand the microbiota potentially associated with CDI by investigating phylogenetic variation across fecal samples from hospitalized individuals and those living in a community setting with diarrhea and a positive diagnosis of C. difficile by high throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal-RNA- gene amplicons in the Microbiology Laboratory of a tertiary hospital in Spain. Species and genus level resolution analysis of gut microbiota in Clostridium difficile patients following fecal microbiota transplantation. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infections . doi: 10.5217/ir.2016.14.2.127, Price, M. N., Dehal, P. S., and Arkin, A. P. (2010). Libraries were sequenced on a MiSeq platform at the University of Burgos, leading to 300-bp, paired-end reads. ABECEDAIRE CITATIONS PAR AUTEURS A comme … AMAR, M. « Le sport apporte aux jeunes de saines occupations. Alcalá, L., Reigadas, E., Marín, M., Martín, A., Catalán, P., and Bouza, E. (2015). Received: 27 September 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018;Published: 14 January 2019. In addition, the PCoA plot showed the points to be more widely dispersed in cluster A than in cluster B (Figure 2). Sangster et al. 12 By the age of 2 years, reported colonisation rates are more consistent (35–46%). 38, 779–786. Front. (2013). A total of 3,477 ASVs were identified among all samples. We analyzed only samples from patients with diarrhea and a positive diagnosis for C. difficile. Lancet Infect. Dig. In conclusion, our findings show that a reduction in Bacteroides is a clear disadvantage for healthy gut microbiota and can result in a worse CDI prognosis, including severe diarrhea and a high incidence of recurrence. In our study, samples MS0223 and MS1753 exhibited an abnormal expansion of the family Prevotellaceae (16.50% and 32.25%, respectively). Samples of only 15 patients were assigned to Cluster A (representing 26.31% of the patients). |, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p0225-clostridium-difficile.html, https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/healthcare-associated-infections-antimicrobial-use-PPS.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Microbiota dynamics in patients treated with fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Used by students and professionals. {{ U }}) while signing a reply, thx 12:01, 6 October 2013 (UTC) Heat map showing the distribution and relative abundance of members of the Peptostreptococcaceae family grouped (in rows) within the different samples (in columns). This study aimed to elucidate the clinical and epidemiological features of HA-CDI and the characteristics of C.difficile isolates in Chongqing, Southwest China. Environ. Genet. A change in microbiota composition and a decrease in the richness of bacterial species within individuals with diarrhea and a positive diagnosis of C. difficile is to be expected because, although the gut microbiota stabilizes early in life (during the first 3 years), severe interventions, such as antibiotic administration, or diseases can lead to dysbiosis. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Google Scholar Citations lets you track citations to your publications over time. Bacteroidaceae was the most abundant family overall (31.01%). This is a complete guide to APA (American Psychological Association) in-text and reference list citations. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12173, Keywords: CDI, Clostridioides difficile, diarrhea, microbiota, bacterial, 16S rRNA, Citation: Hernández M, de Frutos M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, López-Urrutia L, Quijada NM and Eiros JM (2019) Fecal Microbiota of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile-Associated Diarrhea. A second DNA extraction from some of the samples and subsequent sequencing validated the characterization of the microbiota (data not shown). 56, 2610–2614. Intest. (2013). EMPeror: a tool for visualizing high-throughput microbial community data. All-cause and disease-specific mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile infection: a multicenter cohort study. Decreased diversity of the fecal microbiome has been reported in recurrent Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea. A., and Holmes, S. P. (2016). Il est visible dans la décision de commettre un crime ou son absence en réponse à une situation spécifique. Acquisition of C. difficile appears to be from the environment rather than maternal sources. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with qiime 2’s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Correlation matrix of the relative abundance of genera above 1% abundance (significance level = 0.05). In … CiteScore: 2019: 2.8 CiteScore measures the average citations received per peer-reviewed document published in this title. Thus, a common sign of antibiotic exposure is the reduction or absence of Lachnospiraceae in the gut, creating an environmental niche for opportunistic CDI (Song et al., 2013). J. Med. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is currently one of the most important causes of infectious diarrhea in developed countries and the main cause in healthcare settings. However, the percentage of Bacteroides was lower among the most affected patients and in those with the worst evolution; a reduction in the abundance of this family to below 50% could be considered to be a marker for worsening of the clinical prognosis. Citations difficulté - Découvrez 58 citations sur difficulté parmi les meilleurs ouvrages, livres et dictionnaires des citations d'auteurs français et étrangers. We detected C. difficile in 73.33% of the samples of cluster A. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between the increase in the abundance of Akkermansia and that of the Clostridioides genus, as it includes only Clostridioides difficile (Figure 6). Wilson and Perini (1988) and latter other authors, demonstrated that other microorganisms compete more efficiently than C. difficile for monomeric glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acids found in colonic contents, being the reason why C. difficile is not a predominant intestinal bacterium. Clin. JColorGrid: software for the visualization of biological measurements. Stool samples were stored at −80°C until use. We observed a reduction in the abundance of Bacteroides not only in C. difficile associated diarrhea, but also when other pathogenic agents were more abundant. 29K likes. However, Firmicutes was more prevalent in 13 samples and Proteobacteria in three. Citefast is a FREE APA, MLA and Chicago citation generator. C. difficile TcdA — information from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics on one of the major virulence factors from C. difficile If anyone thinks any of these meet WP:EL then say so. Impact of clinical awareness and diagnostic tests on the underdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Many studies of the human intestinal tract have reported few phyla to be present in the gut; Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes generally dominate, whereas Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, are generally minor constituents. This reduction was associated with a weakened host immune system and previous aggressive antibiotherapy. » Nés pour courir, 1987, PUG ANDRE, C. « La pérennité d’une discipline est liée à la possibilité de ses acteurs de prouver leur utilité et leur spécificité … Front. CiteScore values are based on citation counts in a range of four years (e.g. (2016) characterized 24 patients, of whom 12 were suspected of having an initial episode of CDI (not recurrent CDI). In-Text Citations: When an author or author(s) published multiple sources in the same year, include a lowercase letter immediately following the … Samples were rarefied to 17,520 reads per sample for beta-diversity analysis to reduce the bias due to different sequencing depths (only sample MS1498 was excluded from beta-diversity analysis). 13 Thus, it remains controversial whether CDI can even be diagnosed in children <1 year of age. Clostridium difficile infection is currently one of the most important causes of infectious diarrhea in developed countries and the main cause in healthcare settings (Lagier, 2016). (2013). Citation: Ministry of Health and Ministry for Primary Industries. (2007). Infections caused by Clostridium difficile in hospitalized children are increasing. Although the relative abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae was comparatively low (1.56% overall), this family is of prime importance in CDI. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009490. Gut microbiota in health, diverticular disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel diseases: time for microbial marker of gastrointestinal disorders. 35, 1047–1057. MH and JE drafted the manuscript. Not surprisingly, restoring Lachnospiraceae in infected patients has been shown to help cure C. difficile infections (Song et al., 2013) and it is a bacterial family used in fecal material transplants (Staley et al., 2018). PubMed® comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. 372, 1539–1548. Meaning of difficult. MH and NQ performed the bioinformatics analysis and designed the figures. We found a higher average abundance of Bacteroidetes (46.51% in the samples) than in previous studies, followed by 34.70% for Firmicutes and 13.49% for Proteobacteria. The clusters showed a significant difference in the level of C. difficile by 16S rRNA high throughput sequencing; the percentage of samples negative for C. difficile was 26.67% for cluster A, whereas it was only 11.90% for cluster B, for which other members of Peptostreptococcaceae were found in 80%. All individuals had received antibiotic treatment prior to developing diarrhea and some had also received proton pump inhibitors, except patient MS0215, who came to the emergency room with severe diarrhea, without previous antibiotic treatment. J. The use of aggressive antibiotherapy with broad spectrum antibiotics may have reduced the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae in cluster A, giving an advantage to Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae. Figure 1. However, certain C. difficile strains have pathogenic potential mediated by two exotoxins: toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), encoded by the tcdA and tcdB genes within the pathogenicity loci (PaLoc). What does difficult mean? The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. 1 The organism is acquired from an exogenous source and given certain conditions can induce disease. N. Engl. Figure 4. PLoS One 8:e81330. We analyzed beta-diversity between samples by calculating weighted UniFrac distance matrices and representing them as principal coordinates (Figure 2). Ce facteur est très difficile à examiner. Cell. An improved greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea. However, the main alpha diversity indices, such as the Chao richness estimator, and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were 134.32 ± 80.6, 4.01 ± 1.25, and 0.86 ± 0.12, respectively, indicating that the observed reduced alpha diversity was true, and not a sequencing artifact. There were two clusters (A and B) that described 38.9% of the variability in the x-axis. The role of Clostridium difficile in the paediatric and neonatal gut — a narrative review. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Here are specific examples of how it works in the three major citation styles: APA Style. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota from the feces of 57 patients with diarrhea from nosocomial or community-acquired CDI. Microbiome 2:13. doi: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-13, Smits, W. K., Lyras, D., Lacy, D. B., Wilcox, M. H., and Kuijper, E. J. Clin. N. Engl. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks808, Knight, D. R., Elliott, B., Chang, B. J., Perkins, T. T., and Riley, T. V. (2015). Nucleic Acids Res. The relative abundance of the 15 most abundant families in the fecal samples is shown in Figure 3, in which samples are segregated into clusters A and B from the PCoA. (2016) also reported an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in CDI patients, potentially linked to the capacity of Akkermansia to degrade mucin, which may provide a selective advantage in CDI. Rev. In these cases, co-infection cannot be ruled out, and the differences in the bacterial community profile should be considered with caution. Neither co-infection nor these pathogens being the primary cause of diarrhea, instead of C. difficile, can be ruled out for these two patients. Fecal content from 57 adults (between 29 and 94 years old, 57/43 male/female ratio) was sampled from November 2016 to April 2018: 51 patients were sampled once, four twice, and two individuals three times. Microbiol. Nucleic Acids Res. A positive correlation was observed between the Akkermansia and Clostridioides genera (C. difficile). The average percentage of each genus among all samples is shown to the left of the name of the genus. Infect. 11 Reported C. difficile colonisation rates vary, and may be as high as 50% in neonates and 70% in infants <1 year of age. ESD is defined as Enfants en Situation Difficile (French: Children in Difficult Circumstances) somewhat frequently. Infect. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70991-0, Di Bella, S., Ascenzi, P., Siarakas, S., Petrosillo, N., and di Masi, A. Sixty-five fecal samples of the 57 patients with diarrhea enrolled in this study were studied. In some cases or jurisdictions, you may instead be issued a citation, but with the condition that if you remedy the problem and return to a police station within a certain period, say 48 hours, the citation will be thrown out, and will never appear on your record. An outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) at Höglandet Hospital Eksjö in southern Sweden in 2011 was mainly due to a multidrug‐resistant PCR ribotype 046 (30% of all samples). This reduction may be associated with a weakened host immune system and history of aggressive antibiotherapy. McFarland, L. V., Mulligan, M. E., Kwok, R. Y., and Stamm, W. E. (1989). Most are obligate anaerobes, indicating severe changes in the redox potential that can produce gut bacterial dysbiosis. Sangster, W., Hegarty, J. P., Schieffer, K. M., Wright, J. R., Hackman, J., Toole, D. R., et al. The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is not well defined in nonepidemic situations because precise biotyping techniques have only recently become available. A pre-trained Naïve Bayes classifier based on the SILVA database (Pruesse et al., 2007), which had been trimmed to harbor the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, was applied to assign taxonomy to the ASV using the feature-classifier plugin (Bokulich et al., 2018). Check out our other citation guides on MLA 8 and Harvard referencing. The Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Ruminococcaceae families were dominant in both cohorts, but CDI patients showed a predominance of the Peptostreptococcaceae family, with a relative reduction in the abundance of the Bacteroidales and Clostridiales groups, whereas there was a higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and some species of Enterobacteriaceae. Follow the basic format for "Footnote or Endnote" and "Corresponding Bibliographical Entry" that are exemplified above, omitting author and/or editor names and beginning respective entries with the … We analyzed the redox potential in fecal content and differs among the samples (minimum +29.03 mV, maximum +187,67 mV, mean ± standard deviation, 90.7 mV ± SD35.1). Abundance of taxa within the order Clostridiales. All patients were reported to be CDI positive as they were positive for GDH antigen and the gene encoding toxin B (tcdB), but negative for the C. difficile ribotype 027 test.