The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the first pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surrounded the whole Precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I. The history of Amun as the patron god of Thebes begins in the 20th century BC, with the construction of the Precinct of Amun-Re at Karnak under Senusret I. As the cult of Amun grew in importance, Amun became identified with the chief deity who was worshipped in other areas during that period, namely the sun god Ra. For the Belgian band, see, "Amon-Ra" redirects here. Each egyptian city had their own god, and often their own stories of the creation and what the gods were. I also worship Odin and Thor and others. Atum - sun god associated with the setting sun, creator God who rose from Nun and created the gods, a form of Ra. [27], The Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, said: "Behold, I am bringing punishment upon Amon of Thebes, and Pharaoh and Egypt and her gods and her kings, upon Pharaoh and those who trust in him.". The Greeks equated Amun with Zeus. The introduction of Atenism under Akhenaten constructed a monotheist worship of Aten in direct competition with that of Amun. Amun gained a lot of prominence during the New Kingdom, particularly as Amun-Ra (there's also Atum-Ra, but I'm not aware of this union being quite as popular in its time). Though the servant was disposed to do evil, the Lord is disposed to forgive. The pharaohs of that new dynasty attributed all of their successes to Amun, and they lavished much of their wealth and captured spoil on the construction of temples dedicated to Amun. He who hides his name as Amun, he appears to the face as Re, his body is Ptah. The ancient theology made Amun-Re the physical father of the king. Primarily, the god of wind Amun came to be identified with the solar god Ra and the god of fertility and creation Min, so that Amun-Ra had the main characteristic of a solar god, creator god and fertility god. Worship of ancient gods is common in extreme-right nationalist movements. The Lord of Thebes does not spend an entire day angry. [26], Amun is likely mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as אמון מנא Amon of No in Jeremiah 46:25 (also translated the horde of No and the horde of Alexandria), and Thebes possibly is called נא אמון No-Amon in Nahum 3:8 (also translated populous Alexandria). Since he upheld Ma'at (truth, justice, and goodness),[3] those who prayed to Amun were required first to demonstrate that they were worthy, by confessing their sins. Though it may be that the servant is normal in doing wrong, yet the Lord is normal in being merciful. 2. Pindar the poet honored the god with a hymn. [3] His position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him. He is also regarded as a creator deity (there are several different Egyptian creation myths; they aren't really held to be in competition with each other for validity and were even sometimes depicted in the same texts as one another). While not regarded as a dynasty, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were nevertheless of such power and influence that they were effectively the rulers of Egypt from 1080 to c. 943 BC. They're three different deities entirely that are only really connected at all by being somewhat associated with Ra (which, like, who isn't in the Egyptian pantheon?). Norwegian extreme-right party Vigrid’s leader, Tore Tvedt, still believes in Odin and Thor, and proudly so since they were the gods of the vikings. The pharaoh was the highest priest in the temple of the capital, and the next lower level of religious leaders were important advisers to the pharaoh, many being administrators of the bureaucracy that ran the country. By the time Herihor was proclaimed as the first ruling High Priest of Amun in 1080 BC—in the 19th Year of Ramesses XI—the Amun priesthood exercised an effective hold on Egypt's economy. Subsequently, when Egypt conquered Kush, they identified the chief deity of the Kushites as Amun. He was, to my knowledge, more prominent during the Old Kingdom period. The later (Meroitic period) name of Nubian Amun was Amani, attested in numerous personal names such as Tanwetamani, Arkamani, and Amanitore. The Romans called the ammonium chloride they collected from deposits near the Temple of Jupiter-Amun in ancient Libya sal ammoniacus (salt of Amun) because of proximity to the nearby temple. This was constructed of sandstone, with a chapel to Amun flanked by those of Mut and Khonsu. These texts were presumably written in the 7th century BC. Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian pantheon throughout the New Kingdom (with the exception of the "Atenist heresy" under Akhenaten). After the death of Akhenaten, his son, Tutankhamun, reinstated the cult of Amun and the ban on religions in competition with Atenism was lifted. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the 11th Dynasty. Aten also didn’t usually have the word “the” before it like other objects do. "Amen Ra" redirects here. Atum, Ptah, and Aten vs. Amun. To counter this, king Amenhotep III introduced the worship of Aten, as a competition and rival to Amun … After Theben became capital of ancient Egypt, Amun and Ra melted together to make Amun-Ra. Since rams were considered a symbol of virility, Amun also became thought of as a fertility deity, and so started to absorb the identity of Min, becoming Amun-Min. Hence, the Pharaoh and Amun-Re enjoyed a symbiotic relationship, with the king deriving power from Amun-Re. The storm becomes a sweet breeze for he who invokes His name ... Amon is more effective than millions for he who places Him in his heart. That sun disk is Aten. This association with virility led to Amun-Min gaining the epithet Kamutef, meaning "Bull of his mother",[9] in which form he was found depicted on the walls of Karnak, ithyphallic, and with a scourge, as Min was. Where is anything but asatru getting caught up with nationalism? AMUN. With the 11th Dynasty (c. 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Montu.[1]. Following its destruction, the temple gradually decayed and collapsed. Amun (US: /ˈɑːmən/; also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Ancient Egyptian: jmn, reconstructed [jaˈmaːnuw]; Greek Ἄμμων Ámmōn, Ἅμμων Hámmōn) was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad. At some points the other gods were regarded as emanations of him, though I don't think this was a universal theology (but I couldn't say for sure). Worship of ancient gods is common in extreme-right nationalist movements as the religion is part of what is 100% egyptian and was something from the time when Egypt was one of the most poweful countries. The Aten is the deified Sun but it's difficult classifying the Aten as a deity (at least in how the Egyptians saw deities previously) but the Aten was described by Amenhotep IV as the Supreme Creator of everything. Akhenaten also came to be known as `Akhenaton’ or `Khuenaten’ and `Ikhnaton’. Case Description: Complainants (Atum, Ptah, Aten) accuse defendant (Amun) of defamation of character, for fabricating the story of creation to bolster his own political standing. Other countries equated Amun with their own deities: 1. As Zeus Ammon, he came to be identified with Zeus in Greece. Was it Aten? Amun was a Theban God and quite powerful in His own cultus. The cult of Amun-Re, the "king of the gods", was outstanding, as archaeological, monumental, textual, ritual & funerary evidence shows. From the … Aten was different from other gods because it was just the sun, with no human qualities like the others. Now Aten was the king, and Akhenaten his son ruled on earth,” James Hoffmeier posits. The Aten was only accessible to Akhenaten, therefore eliminating the need for an intermediate priesthood. Amun was the god of Theben. In areas outside Egypt where the Egyptians had previously brought the cult of Amun his worship continued into classical antiquity. After Akhenaten's reign his successor, Tutankhamun, began to reinstate the older Egyptian religions, a process that was completed in the 19th dynasty. Amun Rendering of Amun Hieroglyphics: Title God Role God of Sun Cult Center Thebes Consort Amaunet Family Amaunet, Mut (wife) and Khonsu (child) Enemies Apophis Symbols Two vertical plumes, the ram-headed Sphinx (Criosphinx) [22] The worship of Ammon was introduced into Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment. Atem/Atum has suffix "Tem" meaning "complete" or something like "whole"...He is the basis of the Created World. The Aten is more like a concept in the monotheistic religion of Atenism, started by Amenhotep IV but eradicated by Horemheb. In the Hymn to Amun-Ra he is described as, Lord of truth, father of the gods, maker of men, creator of all animals, Lord of things that are, creator of the staff of life.[10]. The Lord of Thebes spends not a whole day in anger; His wrath passes in a moment; none remains. Edit. The religion of Egypt was inexorably tied to the leadership of the country, the pharaoh being the leader of both. Atum created all other gods. This process is evident in the contrast between early inscriptions of the Aten’s epithet, “No other like him,” and later, “No other but him.” 21 The Christian God got some of his attributes from Amun, such as being the creator, being invisible and even what Christians say at the end of a prayer, Amen. There are modern day Kemetic pagans, though, yes. [13] "The three gods are one yet the Egyptian elsewhere insists on the separate identity of each of the three. The king wanted to diminish the authority of Amun’s priests, as they had accumulated too much power and wealth. Such was its reputation among the Classical Greeks that Alexander the Great journeyed there after the battle of Issus and during his occupation of Egypt, where he was declared "the son of Amun" by the oracle. One of the sons of the High Priest Pinedjem would eventually assume the throne and rule Egypt for almost half a century as pharaoh Psusennes I, while the Theban High Priest Psusennes III would take the throne as king Psusennes II—the final ruler of the 21st Dynasty. The priests of Amun even persuaded his young son, Tutankhaten, whose name meant "the living image of Aten"—and who later would become pharaoh—to change his name to Tutankhamun, "the living image of Amun". Henceforth, Alexander often referred to Zeus-Ammon as his true father, and after his death, currency depicted him adorned with the Horns of Ammon as a symbol of his divinity. This identification led to another merger of identities, with Amun becoming Amun-Ra. A solar deity in the form of a ram can be traced to the pre-literate Kerma culture in Nubia, contemporary to the Old Kingdom of Egypt. viii.32 § 1), and the Greeks of Cyrenaica dedicated at Delphi a chariot with a statue of Ammon. The point of this transition can be seen in the name-change of Tutankhaten into Tutankhamun indicating the loss of favor in the worship of the Aten. The worship of the Egyptian Gods (called Netjeru) was broken and died out a long time ago. When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. When the army of the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new dynasty. The King took over the temples of Amun, closed them and took over the revenues. During their reign, Egypt sat astride a flourishing empire whose might spanned from Syria, in western Asia, to the NileRiver’s fourth cataract in what is now Sudan. The pharaohs of that new dynasty attributed all of their successes to Amun, and they lavished much of their wealth and captured spoil on the construction of temples dedicated to Amun. A new capital was then built in a desolate location called Tell-el Amarna. He was the god of the air and his consort was Ament (Amaunet). Amun-Re was associated with the Egyptian monarchy, and theoretically, rather than threatening the pharaoh's power, the throne was supported by Amun-Re. Eventually, Akhenaten and his religious movement forced many followers to abandon Thebes and the worship of Amun for his new God – the Aten. The return to the previous capital and its patron deity was accomplished so swiftly that it seemed this almost monotheistic cult and its governmental reforms had never existed. [7], The victory against the "foreign rulers" achieved by pharaohs who worshipped Amun caused him to be seen as a champion of the less fortunate, upholding the rights of justice for the poor. Amun-Ra and Aten. Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court, the start of the processional route to the Luxor Temple. thus it comes to a rather unclear reform: one deity that symbolized the sun was rjeected and another deity that suymbolized also the sun was elected. Some of the different spellings are Am, Amen, Amon, Amoun, Ammon and Hammon. [21], In Libya there remained a solitary oracle of Amun in the Libyan Desert at the oasis of Siwa. Amun-Ra in this period (16th to 11th centuries BC) held the position of transcendental, self-created[2] creator deity "par excellence"; he was the champion of the poor or troubled and central to personal piety. Wtf? In this presentation the revolutionary character The ancient Egyptians called Amun asha renu or “Amun rich in names.” Amun was also known as Ammon and Amen and as “The Obscure One,” “mysterious of form,” “the hidden one,” and “invisible.” Amun is typically shown as a bearded man wearing a headdress with a double plume. Akhenaten’s father was Amenhotep III (1386-1353 BCE) and his mother was Amenhotep III’s wife Queen Tiye. Amun is considered as one of the most important and powerful gods of ancient Egypt. Aside from the lack of evidence substantiating the claims of either side, the complainants could not agree on a single story. He is represented in the form of a sphere with long hands that bathe the world in light. The orthographic development of writing the didactic name in a cartouche signaled not only the elevation of the Aten, but also the diminution of Amun who had been known as “the king of the gods”. For reasons that continue to be debated, Akhenaten embarked on an enterprise of brutal censorship against Amun-Ra. His breath comes back to us in mercy ... May your kꜣ be kind; may you forgive; It shall not happen again.[8]. And despite /u/SyntaXerroRI 's assertions, none of the ones I've known, nor myself, could be at all characterized as 'far right. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall may have also begun during the 18th Dynasty, though most building was undertaken under Seti I and Ramesses II. He is the consort of the goddess Mut. As the patron of Thebes, his spouse was Mut. The sole Lord, who reaches the end of the lands every day, as one who sees them that tread thereon ... Every land chatters at his rising every day, in order to praise him.[11]. After his rule the old ways of Egypt were reinstated. The Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal, founded during the New Kingdom, came to be the center of the religious ideology of the Kingdom of Kush. Amun was one as one of the most powerful gods in ncient Egypt. Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet. Amun-Ra, as inscriptions over time began to equate these other deities more and more with the Aten, a trend eventually escalating to the outright suppression of their cults. The Aten is the deified Sun but it's difficult classifying the Aten as a deity (at least in how the Egyptians saw deities previously) but the Aten was described by Amenhotep IV as the Supreme Creator of everything. You know there's like virtually no modern kemetic practitioners in actual Egypt today, right? Pietschmann, arts. A) The gods Aten and Amun In order to understand how Aten became the unique god of Egypt, one must understand the story of the almost "almighty" god he replaced: the god Amun. [15], Henri Frankfort suggested that Amun was originally a wind god and pointed out that the implicit connection between the winds and mysteriousness was paralleled in a passage from the Gospel of John: "The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear the sound of it, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going. Thanks to Him the single man becomes stronger than a crowd.[17]. Thus the laudatory epithets flourish, the king being called "king of kings, prince of princes" and, already, "the Aten for all countries". Later, Tuthmosis IV issues a commemorative scarab on which the Aten functions as a god of war (a role usually reserved for Amun) protecting the pharaoh. The regions of the hippocampus in the brain are called the cornu ammonis – literally "Amun's Horns", due to the horned appearance of the dark and light bands of cellular layers. Firstly the King built a temple to the god Aten immediately outside the east gate of the temple of Amun at Karnak. Amun - A later creator God associated mainly with the wind. Worship of Aten ceased and worship of Amun-Ra was restored. Both these foraminiferans (shelled Protozoa) and ammonites (extinct shelled cephalopods) bear spiral shells resembling a ram's, and Ammon's, horns. Or are you just talking out your ass for the hell of it? thou wilt be merciful![12]. The Victory Stele of Piye at Gebel Barkal (8th century BC) now distinguishes between an "Amun of Napata" and an "Amun of Thebes". Amun, worshipped by the Greeks as Ammon, had a temple and a statue, the gift of Pindar (d. 443 BC), at Thebes,[28] and another at Sparta, the inhabitants of which, as Pausanias says,[29] consulted the oracle of Ammon in Libya from early times more than the other Greeks. This Kush deity was depicted as ram-headed, more specifically a woolly ram with curved horns. Amon-Re "who hears the prayer, who comes at the cry of the poor and distressed...Beware of him! [6] Merenptah's son Seti II added two small obelisks in front of the Second Pylon, and a triple bark-shrine to the north of the processional avenue in the same area. The demons Aamon and Amaymon seemed to have taken their names after the deity, likely to both honor and mock both him and God. Amenhotep III seems to have actively encouraged the worship of Aten, stressing solar worship in many of his extensive building works. Their son is Khonsu. According to Diodorus Siculus, these religious leaders were even able to compel kings to commit suicide, although this tradition stopped when Arkamane, in the 3rd century BC, slew them. Ra represented the daytime sun, Amun represented the sun in the underworld, and Horus represented the sunrise. Aten - a monotheistic deity associated with the sun. He moved his capital from Thebes to a place now called Tell el-Amarna or Amarna, more than 200 miles (300 km) north, on a desert bay on the east side of the Nile River. Amun and Amaunet are mentioned in the Old Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Tantamani (died 653 BC), the last pharaoh of the Nubian dynasty, still bore a theophoric name referring to Amun in the Nubian form Amani. However, he spared the god’s massive Karnak Temple. Amun and Ra become joined into Amun-Ra in later years, recognizing their being opposite sides of the same source. The 3 major dogmas have worshipped Aten for thousands of years! Forgot to mention the worship part. In the Leiden hymns, Amun, Ptah, and Re are regarded as a trinity who are distinct gods but with unity in plurality. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, Press J to jump to the feed. 3. So powerful was the name : "Amun", that Akhenaten tried to erase it from the records (scriptoral as well as monumental).
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